SpringMVC - 第4章拦截器、异常处理器、完全注解开发、总结 - 《SSM框架》

一、拦截器
- 1、在配置文件中注册拦截器
- 2、拦截器需要实现3个抽象方法
二、异常处理器
- 1、基于配置的异常处理
- 2、基于注解的异常处理器
三、完全注解开发
四、SpringMVC 总结
3、DispatcherServlet调用组件处理请求
4、SpringMVC的执行流程

一、拦截器

1、在配置文件中注册拦截器

SpringMVC 中的拦截器用于拦截控制器方法的执行，需要在 SpringMVC 的配置文件中进行配置：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
    <!--扫描组件-->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.atguigu.mvc"/>
    <!-- 配置Thymeleaf视图解析器 -->
    <bean id="viewResolver" class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.view.ThymeleafViewResolver">
        <!--设置优先级-->
        <property name="order" value="1"/>
        <property name="characterEncoding" value="UTF-8"/>
        <property name="templateEngine">
            <bean class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.SpringTemplateEngine">
                <property name="templateResolver">
                    <bean class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.templateresolver.SpringResourceTemplateResolver">
                        <!-- 视图前缀 -->
                        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/templates/"/>
                        <!-- 视图后缀 -->
                        <property name="suffix" value=".html"/>
                        <property name="templateMode" value="HTML5"/>
                        <property name="characterEncoding" value="UTF-8" />
                    </bean>
                </property>
            </bean>
        </property>
    </bean>
    <!--开启mvc注解驱动-->
    <mvc:annotation-driven>
        <mvc:message-converters>
            <!--处理响应中文内容乱码-->
            <bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter">
                <property name="defaultCharset" value="UTF-8"/>
                <property name="supportedMediaTypes">
                    <list>
                        <value>text/html</value>
                        <value>application/json</value>
                    </list>
                </property>
            </bean>
        </mvc:message-converters>
    </mvc:annotation-driven>
      <!--配置视图控制器-->
    <mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="index"/>
    <!--配置拦截器-->
    <mvc:interceptors>
        <!--bean 和 ref 都默认对 DispatcherServlet 所处理的所有请求进行拦截-->
<!--        <bean class="com.atguigu.mvc.interceptors.FirstInterceptor"/>-->
<!--        <ref bean="firstInterceptor"/>-->
        <!--下面的这个可以自定义拦截规则，比如拦截所有但是排除主页面-->
<!--        <mvc:interceptor>-->
<!--            <mvc:mapping path="/**"/>-->
<!--            <mvc:exclude-mapping path="/"/>-->
<!--            <ref bean="firstInterceptor"/>-->
<!--        </mvc:interceptor>-->
        <!--拦截器的执行顺序从先到后-->
        <ref bean="firstInterceptor"/>
        <ref bean="secondInterceptor"/>
    </mvc:interceptors>
</beans>

2、拦截器需要实现3个抽象方法

SpringMVC中的拦截器需要实现 HandlerInterceptor 接口：

@Component
public class FirstInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {

    @Override
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("FirstInterceptor-->preHandle");

        return true;//代表放行
    }

    @Override
    public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("FirstInterceptor-->postHandle");
    }

    @Override
    public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("FirstInterceptor-->afterCompletion");
    }
}

SpringMVC 中的拦截器有三个抽象方法：

preHandle：控制器方法执行之前执行preHandle()，其boolean类型的返回值表示是否拦截或放行，返回true为放行，即调用控制器方法；返回false表示拦截，即不调用控制器方法
postHandle：控制器方法执行之后执行postHandle()
afterComplation：处理完视图和模型数据，渲染视图完毕之后执行afterComplation()

二、异常处理器

1、基于配置的异常处理

SpringMVC 提供了一个处理控制器方法执行过程中所出现的异常的接口：HandlerExceptionResolver
HandlerExceptionResolver接口的实现类有：DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver和SimpleMappingExceptionResolver
SpringMVC 提供了自定义的异常处理器SimpleMappingExceptionResolver，使用方式：

<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver">
    <property name="exceptionMappings">
        <props>
            <!--
                properties的键表示处理器方法执行过程中出现的异常
                properties的值表示若出现指定异常时，设置一个新的视图名称，跳转到指定页面
            -->
            <prop key="java.lang.ArithmeticException">error</prop>
        </props>
    </property>
    <!--
        exceptionAttribute属性设置一个属性名，将出现的异常信息在请求域中进行共享
    -->
    <property name="exceptionAttribute" value="ex"></property>
</bean>

2、基于注解的异常处理器

@ControllerAdvice
public class ExceptionController {

    @ExceptionHandler(value = {ArithmeticException.class, NullPointerException.class})
    public String handleArithmeticException(Exception ex, Model model){
        model.addAttribute("ex", ex);

        return "error";
    }
}

三、完全注解开发

使用配置类和注解代替 web.xml 和 SpringMVC 配置文件的功能。

1、创建初始化类代替 web.xml

在 Servlet3.0 环境中，容器会在类路径中查找实现 javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer 接口的类，如果找到的话就用它来配置 Servlet 容器。Spring 提供了这个接口的实现，名为SpringServletContainerInitializer，这个类反过来又会查找实现WebApplicationInitializer的类并将配置的任务交给它们来完成。

Spring3.2引入了一个便利的WebApplicationInitializer基础实现，名为AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer，当我们的类扩展了AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer并将其部署到Servlet3.0容器的时候，容器会自动发现它，并用它来配置 Servlet 上下文。

/*
web 工程的初始化类，用来代替 web.xml
 */
public class WebInit extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {

    /*
    指定 Spring 的配置类
     */
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {

        return new Class[]{SpringConfig.class};
    }

    /*
    指定 SpringMVC 的配置类
     */
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {

        return new Class[]{WebConfig.class};
    }

    /*
    指定 DispatcherServlet 的映射规则，就是 url-pattern
     */
    @Override
    protected String[] getServletMappings() {

        return new String[]{"/"};
    }

    /*
    注册过滤器
     */
    @Override
    protected Filter[] getServletFilters() {
        CharacterEncodingFilter characterEncodingFilter = new CharacterEncodingFilter();
        characterEncodingFilter.setEncoding("UTF-8");
        characterEncodingFilter.setForceResponseEncoding(true);
        HiddenHttpMethodFilter hiddenHttpMethodFilter = new HiddenHttpMethodFilter();

        return new Filter[]{characterEncodingFilter, hiddenHttpMethodFilter};
    }
}

2、创建SpringConfig类代替Spring的配置文件

/*
SSM 整合之后，Spring 的配置信息写在此类中
 */
@Configuration
public class SpringConfig {
}

3、创建WebConfig类代替SpringMVC的配置文件

WebConfig配置类用来代替 SpringMVC 的配置文件，即 springMVC.xml，实现的功能有：
1、扫描组件
2、开启mvc注解驱动
3、配置视图解析器
4、配置视图控制器view-controller
5、配置default-servlet-handler，使用默认的 Servlet 处理静态资源
6、配置文件上传解析器
7、配置拦截器
8、配置异常处理器

@Configuration//标识这是一个配置类
@ComponentScan("com.atguigu.mvc.controller")//1、开启扫描组件
@EnableWebMvc//开启mvc注解驱动
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

    /*
    2、下面的 3 个 @Bean 用于配置视图解析器
     */
    //配置生成模板解析器
    @Bean
    public ITemplateResolver templateResolver() {
        WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext = ContextLoader.getCurrentWebApplicationContext();
        // ServletContextTemplateResolver需要一个ServletContext作为构造参数，可通过WebApplicationContext 的方法获得
        ServletContextTemplateResolver templateResolver =
                new ServletContextTemplateResolver(webApplicationContext.getServletContext());
        templateResolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/templates/");
        templateResolver.setSuffix(".html");
        templateResolver.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        templateResolver.setTemplateMode(TemplateMode.HTML);
        return templateResolver;
    }

    //生成模板引擎并为模板引擎注入模板解析器
    @Bean
    public SpringTemplateEngine templateEngine(ITemplateResolver templateResolver) {
        SpringTemplateEngine templateEngine = new SpringTemplateEngine();
        templateEngine.setTemplateResolver(templateResolver);

        return templateEngine;
    }

    //生成视图解析器并未解析器注入模板引擎
    @Bean
    public ViewResolver viewResolver(SpringTemplateEngine templateEngine) {
        ThymeleafViewResolver viewResolver = new ThymeleafViewResolver();
        viewResolver.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        viewResolver.setTemplateEngine(templateEngine);

        return viewResolver;
    }


    /*
    4、配置视图控制器 view-controller
     */
    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
        registry.addViewController("/hello").setViewName("hello");
    }

    /*
     5、配置 default-servlet-handler，使用默认的 Servlet 处理静态资源
     */
    @Override
    public void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer) {
        configurer.enable();
    }


    /*
    6、配置文件上传解析器
     */
    @Bean
    public MultipartResolver multipartResolver() {

        return new CommonsMultipartResolver();
    }


    /*
    7、配置拦截器
     */
    @Override
    public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
        TestInterceptor interceptor = new TestInterceptor();
        registry.addInterceptor(interceptor).addPathPatterns("/**").excludePathPatterns("/");
    }


    /*
    8、配置异常处理器
     */
    @Override
    public void configureHandlerExceptionResolvers(List<HandlerExceptionResolver> resolvers) {
        SimpleMappingExceptionResolver exceptionResolver = new SimpleMappingExceptionResolver();
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("java.lang.ArithmeticException", "error");
        exceptionResolver.setExceptionMappings(properties);
        exceptionResolver.setExceptionAttribute("exception");
        resolvers.add(exceptionResolver);
    }
}

四、SpringMVC 总结

1、SpringMVC常用组件

DispatcherServlet：前端控制器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：统一处理请求和响应，整个流程控制的中心，由它调用其它组件处理用户的请求

HandlerMapping：处理器映射器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：根据请求的url、method等信息查找Handler，即控制器方法

Handler：处理器，需要工程师开发

作用：在DispatcherServlet的控制下Handler对具体的用户请求进行处理

HandlerAdapter：处理器适配器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：通过HandlerAdapter对处理器（控制器方法）进行执行

ViewResolver：视图解析器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：进行视图解析，得到相应的视图，例如：ThymeleafView、InternalResourceView、RedirectView

View：视图

作用：将模型数据通过页面展示给用户。

2、DispatcherServlet初始化过程

DispatcherServlet 本质上是一个 Servlet，所以天然的遵循 Servlet 的生命周期。所以宏观上是 Servlet 生命周期来进行调度。

a>初始化WebApplicationContext

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet

protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() {
    WebApplicationContext rootContext =
        WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext());
    WebApplicationContext wac = null;

    if (this.webApplicationContext != null) {
        // A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it
        wac = this.webApplicationContext;
        if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
            ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac;
            if (!cwac.isActive()) {
                // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
                // setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
                if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
                    // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set
                    // the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent
                    cwac.setParent(rootContext);
                }
                configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac);
            }
        }
    }
    if (wac == null) {
        // No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one
        // has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed
        // that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the
        // user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id
        wac = findWebApplicationContext();
    }
    if (wac == null) {
        // No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one
        // 创建WebApplicationContext
        wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext);
    }

    if (!this.refreshEventReceived) {
        // Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh
        // support or the context injected at construction time had already been
        // refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here.
        synchronized (this.onRefreshMonitor) {
            // 刷新WebApplicationContext
            onRefresh(wac);
        }
    }

    if (this.publishContext) {
        // Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.
        // 将IOC容器在应用域共享
        String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName();
        getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac);
    }

    return wac;
}

创建WebApplicationContext

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet

protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(@Nullable ApplicationContext parent) {
    Class<?> contextClass = getContextClass();
    if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {
        throw new ApplicationContextException(
            "Fatal initialization error in servlet with name '" + getServletName() +
            "': custom WebApplicationContext class [" + contextClass.getName() +
            "] is not of type ConfigurableWebApplicationContext");
    }
    // 通过反射创建 IOC 容器对象
    ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac =
        (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);

    wac.setEnvironment(getEnvironment());
    // 设置父容器
    wac.setParent(parent);
    String configLocation = getContextConfigLocation();
    if (configLocation != null) {
        wac.setConfigLocation(configLocation);
    }
    configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(wac);

    return wac;
}

DispatcherServlet初始化策略

FrameworkServlet创建WebApplicationContext后，刷新容器，调用onRefresh(wac)，此方法在DispatcherServlet中进行了重写，调用了initStrategies(context)方法，初始化策略，即初始化DispatcherServlet的各个组件
所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet

protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) {
   initMultipartResolver(context);
   initLocaleResolver(context);
   initThemeResolver(context);
   initHandlerMappings(context);
   initHandlerAdapters(context);
   initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context);
   initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context);
   initViewResolvers(context);
   initFlashMapManager(context);
}

3、DispatcherServlet调用组件处理请求

processRequest()

FrameworkServlet重写HttpServlet中的service()和doXxx()，这些方法中调用了processRequest(request, response)，所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet

protected final void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
    throws ServletException, IOException {

    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    Throwable failureCause = null;

    LocaleContext previousLocaleContext = LocaleContextHolder.getLocaleContext();
    LocaleContext localeContext = buildLocaleContext(request);

    RequestAttributes previousAttributes = RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes();
    ServletRequestAttributes requestAttributes = buildRequestAttributes(request, response, previousAttributes);

    WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);
    asyncManager.registerCallableInterceptor(FrameworkServlet.class.getName(), new RequestBindingInterceptor());

    initContextHolders(request, localeContext, requestAttributes);

    try {
        // 执行服务，doService()是一个抽象方法，在DispatcherServlet中进行了重写
        doService(request, response);
    }
    catch (ServletException | IOException ex) {
        failureCause = ex;
        throw ex;
    }
    catch (Throwable ex) {
        failureCause = ex;
        throw new NestedServletException("Request processing failed", ex);
    }

    finally {
        resetContextHolders(request, previousLocaleContext, previousAttributes);
        if (requestAttributes != null) {
            requestAttributes.requestCompleted();
        }
        logResult(request, response, failureCause, asyncManager);
        publishRequestHandledEvent(request, response, startTime, failureCause);
    }
}

doService()

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet

@Override
protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
    logRequest(request);

    // Keep a snapshot of the request attributes in case of an include,
    // to be able to restore the original attributes after the include.
    Map<String, Object> attributesSnapshot = null;
    if (WebUtils.isIncludeRequest(request)) {
        attributesSnapshot = new HashMap<>();
        Enumeration<?> attrNames = request.getAttributeNames();
        while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) {
            String attrName = (String) attrNames.nextElement();
            if (this.cleanupAfterInclude || attrName.startsWith(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PREFIX)) {
                attributesSnapshot.put(attrName, request.getAttribute(attrName));
            }
        }
    }

    // Make framework objects available to handlers and view objects.
    request.setAttribute(WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, getWebApplicationContext());
    request.setAttribute(LOCALE_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.localeResolver);
    request.setAttribute(THEME_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.themeResolver);
    request.setAttribute(THEME_SOURCE_ATTRIBUTE, getThemeSource());

    if (this.flashMapManager != null) {
        FlashMap inputFlashMap = this.flashMapManager.retrieveAndUpdate(request, response);
        if (inputFlashMap != null) {
            request.setAttribute(INPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, Collections.unmodifiableMap(inputFlashMap));
        }
        request.setAttribute(OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, new FlashMap());
        request.setAttribute(FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_ATTRIBUTE, this.flashMapManager);
    }

    RequestPath requestPath = null;
    if (this.parseRequestPath && !ServletRequestPathUtils.hasParsedRequestPath(request)) {
        requestPath = ServletRequestPathUtils.parseAndCache(request);
    }

    try {
        // 处理请求和响应
        doDispatch(request, response);
    }
    finally {
        if (!WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
            // Restore the original attribute snapshot, in case of an include.
            if (attributesSnapshot != null) {
                restoreAttributesAfterInclude(request, attributesSnapshot);
            }
        }
        if (requestPath != null) {
            ServletRequestPathUtils.clearParsedRequestPath(request);
        }
    }
}

doDispatch()