22.术语表
This terminology is used in my articles on education, sleep, and creatvity (some of this terminology is my own):
这个术语集是我在关于教育、睡眠和创造力的文章中使用过的（其中一些术语是我自己定义的）：
- Abstractness - dissociation from detail that increases applicability of knowledge
- 抽象性——提高知识通用性的，从细节中的分离
- Acquisition rate - speed of learning
- 习得速率——学习的速度
- Active recall - bringing knowledge back up from memory (e.g. as opposed to passive reading)
- 主动回忆——从记忆中寻找知识（举例，与被动阅读相反）
- Applicability - range of usability of knowledge
- 通用性——知识可用的范围
- Behavioral space - set of behaviors that result in no penalty
- 行为空间——不会受到惩罚的一系列行为
- Behavioral system - set of behaviors that develop in a set social context
- 行为系统——在一定的社会背景下发展起来的一系列行为
- Biphasic sleep - sleep in two blocks: night and siesta
- 双相睡眠——分两个时间段的睡眠：夜间睡眠和午睡
- Circadian cycle - ~24h cycle of changes in the state of body and mind
- 昼夜周期——身心状态变化的 24 小时周期
- Circadian phase - the time of day measured in hours since natural waking
- 昼夜相位——一天中自然醒来后，以小时为单位测量的时间
- Circadian sleep propensity - sleepiness determined by the body clock
- 昼夜睡眠倾向——由生物钟决定的睡意
- Childhood amnesia - natural long-term memory deficit in children
- 童年健忘症——儿童的自然长期记忆缺陷
- Chronic stress - harmful stress that does not go away
- 慢性压力——持续的有害压力
- Cloze deletion - question in the form of a sentence in which a keyword is replaced with 3 dots
- 完形填空——以句子的形式出现的问题，其中每个关键词被替换成[…]
- Coherence - degree of meaningful connectedness of knowledge that makes remembering easy
- 连贯性——使记忆变得容易的有意义的知识关联性的程度
- Consistency - degree in which knowledge is free of contradictory information
- 一致性——知识没有矛盾信息的程度
- Consolidation - increase in memory stability as a result of review or in sleep
- 巩固——复习或睡眠导致的记忆稳定性增加
- Democratic school - school run by kids with minimum adult supervision
- 民主学校——在最少的成人监督下的，由儿童管理的学校
- Deschooling - free education without compulsory schooling
- 非学校教育——不受义务学校教育压迫的自由学习
- Factory model of education - education based on mass production philosophy
- 工厂教育模式——基于大规模生产理念的教育
- Forgetting curve - curve showing loss of knowledge over time
- 遗忘曲线——显示知识随时间遗忘的曲线
- Free learning - self-directed learning without constraints and coercion
- 自由学习——不受限制和强迫的自主学习
- Free running sleep - sleep that is not artificially regulated (e.g. with alarm clocks, medication, etc.)
- 自由运转睡眠——不受人为调节的睡眠（如闹钟、药物等）
- Fundamental law of learning - law stating that efficient learning is always pleasurable
- 学习的基本规律——规律表明有效的学习总是令人愉快的
- Generalization - process in which details are forgotten for the big picture to emerge
- 泛化——为了让整体图景浮现而忘记细节的过程。
- Homeostatic sleep propensity - fatigue caused by tiredness of waking
- 稳态睡眠倾向——因醒着的时候的疲劳而引起的睡意
- Homeschooling - home-based education
- 在家上学——以家庭为基础的教育
- Idiocracy problem - problem of smart people having few or late children
- 蠢蛋进化论问题——聪明的人少生或晚生孩子的问题
- Increading - reading incrementally
- 渐进的阅读——在渐进阅读工具集帮助下的阅读
- Incremental learning - method for mastering knowledge from the web (fast and durable)
- 渐进学习——从网络上掌握知识的方法（快速且持久）
- Incremental reading - method of converting books and articles into durable knowledge in student’s mind
- 渐进阅读——将书籍和文章转化为学生头脑中持久的知识的方法
- Incremental video - method of massive learning and review of lectures (e.g. from YouTube)
- 渐进视频——大规模学习和复习讲座的方法（例如来自 YouTube ）
- Interference - forgetting induced by new learning
- 干扰——学习新知识导致的遗忘
- Learn drive - natural curiosity that drives learning
- 学习内驱力——推动学习的天生好奇心
- Learned helplessness - loss of drives in conditions of loss of control
- 习得性无助——在失控情况下失去内驱力
- Learntropy - measure of attractiveness of a lecture, book, etc.
- 学习熵——演讲、书籍等学习材料的吸引力的度量
- Knowledge darwinism - competition of memories for the best place in the jigsaw puzzle of memory
- 知识进化论——记忆在竞争记忆拼图中的最佳位置
- Knowledge redundancy - memorizing same memories in different contexts to boost recall
- 知识冗余——在不同的情境中记忆相同的记忆，以促进回忆
- Knowledge valuation network - any neural subsystem capable of estimating the value of knowledge
- 知识评估网络——任何能够评估知识价值的神经子系统
- Memory complexity - complexity of memory that determines how difficult it is to retain it
- 记忆复杂度——记忆的复杂性，决定了要记住这段记忆的困难程度
- Memory optimization - process in which memories get better organized in sleep
- 记忆优化——记忆在睡眠中得到更好的组织的过程
- Minimum information principle - claim that simple memories are easy to retain for longer
- 最小信息原理——简单的记忆容易保留更长时间的声明
- Natural creativity cycle - undisturbed sleep-wake cycle that maximizes creativity
- 自然创造力周期——不受干扰的最大限度地发挥创造力的睡眠-醒来周期
- Passive review - undemanding processing of knowledge (e.g. reading as opposed to active recall)
- 被动复习——对知识的简单加工（例如阅读而不是主动回忆）
- Pattern completion - ability of a neural network to recognize incomplete input (e.g. a blurry picture)
- 模式完成——神经网络识别不完整输入（如模糊图片）的能力
- Permastore - everlasting memory
- 永久记忆——永久的记忆
- Polyphasic sleep - unhealthy sleep practice in which sleep is dispersed in many small blocks throughout the day
- 多相睡眠——不健康的睡眠实践，睡眠在一天中分散为许多短时段
- Problem valuation network - any neural subsystem capable of estimating the expected reward in problem solving
- 问题评估网络——任何能够评估问题解决过程中预期奖励的神经子系统。
- Push zone - range of external pressure that may improve learning outcomes
- 推动区——可能改善学习效果的外部压力范围
- Priority queue - sequence of pieces of knowledge sorted by priority
- 优先级队列——按优先级排序的知识片段序列
- Rational procrastination - strategic procrastination that affects jobs of lower priority
- 理性拖延——影响优先级较低的工作的战略性拖延
- Redundancy - extra load of knowledge that may add to its quality
- 冗余——可能会增加知识质量的额外知识负载
- Regress zone - range of external pressure that undermines learning outcomes
- 回归区——逐渐削弱学习效果的外部压力范围
- Retrievability - probability of recall of a given memory
- 可提取性——对特定记忆的回忆概率
- Self-directed learning - self-learning in which materials and goals are determined by the student
- 自我导向学习——由学生决定材料和目标的自学
- Self-learning - learning on one’s own (without a teacher)
- 自学——自己学习（没有老师）
- Sleep phase - positioning of the preferred waking time (in clock hours)
- 睡眠相位—— 首选的醒来时间的定位（以时钟小时计）
- Spaced repetition - learning technique that ensures long-term retention of knowledge
- 间隔重复——确保知识长期记忆的学习技巧
- Spacing effect - better memory effect of review delayed in time
- 间隔效应——延迟复习的记忆效果更好
- Spacing effect gain - mathematical definition of the spacing effect
- 间隔效应增益——间隔效应的数学定义
- Stability - durability of a given memory
- 稳定性——特定记忆的持久性
- Stabilization curve - the most important curve in the optimization of learning: stabilization as a function of retrievability
- 稳定化曲线——优化学习中的最重要的曲线：稳定性是可提取性的函数
- Stabilization decay - gradual decrease in the potential for stability increase in memories with high stability
- 稳定化衰减——在稳定性较高的记忆中，其稳定性增加的可能性逐渐降低
- Toxic memory - persistent memory that leads to anxiety
- 毒性记忆——导致焦虑的顽固记忆
- Two-component model of long-term memory - model of memory based on retrievability and stability of memories
- 长期记忆的双组分模型——基于记忆可提取性和稳定性的记忆模型
- Two-process model of sleep regulation - model that explains why and when we fall asleep
- 睡眠调节的双过程模型——解释我们为什么以及何时进入睡眠状态的模型
- Unschooling - learning without the pressure of the curriculum
- 非学校教育——没有课程压力的学习
- Variable reward - intermittent reward that underlies gambling
- 可变奖励——赌博背后的间歇性奖励
- War of the networks - contradictory signaling that may lead to the impairment in neural control
- 网络战争——可能导致神经控制功能受损的矛盾信号
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