虚拟机硬盘扩容（使用LVM）
参考资料
操作参考
lvm原理
相关命令
df以磁盘分区为单位查看文件系统fdiskresize2fs
正文
1. 扩容条件
- 虚拟机无快照；
- 虚拟机已关机；
- 由于这里使用LVM扩容，需要使用
vgs命令，若可以执行则可以使用LVM扩容。
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]└─# vgsVG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFreekali-vg 1 5 0 wz--n- <39.52g 40.00m
查看当前磁盘使用情况
(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 391M 1.2M 390M 1% /run
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-root 11G 8.4G 2.1G 81% /
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-tmp 649M 88K 601M 1% /tmp
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-var 2.3G 858M 1.3G 41% /var
/dev/sda1 470M 83M 363M 19% /boot
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-home 24G 3.7G 19G 17% /home
tmpfs 391M 60K 391M 1% /run/user/1000
2. 硬盘扩容
在虚拟机配置中选择扩展磁盘大小
磁盘扩展完成后，需要在系统内重新分区以及文件系统扩展。
3. 划定新分区
执行 fdisk -l ，查看整体的磁盘属性
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 60 GiB, 64424509440 bytes, 125829120 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x683b7641
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1001470 83884031 82882562 39.5G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1001472 83884031 82882560 39.5G 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/kali--vg-root: 11.18 GiB, 11999903744 bytes, 23437312 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/kali--vg-var: 2.33 GiB, 2499805184 bytes, 4882432 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/kali--vg-swap_1: 976 MiB, 1023410176 bytes, 1998848 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/kali--vg-tmp: 676 MiB, 708837376 bytes, 1384448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/kali--vg-home: 24.36 GiB, 26159874048 bytes, 51093504 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
看上面高亮部分，可以看到当前的主磁盘是 LVM 分区。
执行 fdisk /dev/sda 编辑 sda 磁盘：
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali404]
└─# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.36.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
接下来会进入fdisk的命令行，可以使用 m 参数查看帮助信息
Command (m for help): m
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
第一步，使用 p 参数（print partition table）查看分区表
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 60 GiB, 64424509440 bytes, 125829120 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x683b7641
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1001470 83884031 82882562 39.5G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1001472 83884031 82882560 39.5G 8e Linux LVM
第二步，使用 n 参数（new partition）创建新分区
Command (m for help): n
# 分区类型：p（primary）主分区，l（logical）逻辑分区
# - 此处为MBR分区表模式，最多有4个分区
# - 目前已有1个主分区，1个拓展分区，还有2个未分配的分区份额
# - 选择“p”，创建一个主分区
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): p
# 新分区的编号，剩下3，4未分配，这里选3
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
# 分配扇区区域，也即该扇区在磁盘上的开始地址和结束地址，直接按默认分配最大
First sector (83884032-125829119, default 83884032):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (83884032-125829119, default 125829119):
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 20 GiB.
再次查看分区表 p ，确认一下创建成功
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 60 GiB, 64424509440 bytes, 125829120 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x683b7641
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1001470 83884031 82882562 39.5G 5 Extended
/dev/sda3 83884032 125829119 41945088 20G 83 Linux
/dev/sda5 1001472 83884031 82882560 39.5G 8e Linux LVM
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
第三步，使用 t 参数（partition type）修改刚刚创建的3号分区的磁盘格式为LVM
Command (m for help): t
# 选择分区编号，这里选择刚刚创建的3号分区
Partition number (1-3,5, default 5): 3
# 输入格式的16进制编号或者是别名，可以输入L查看列表
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.
拓展一下，看看支持的磁盘格式
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden or c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ea Rufus alignment
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD eb BeOS fs
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ee GPT
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f1 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f4 SpeedStor
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ f2 DOS secondary
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fb VMware VMFS
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fc VMware VMKCORE
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fd Linux raid auto
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bc Acronis FAT32 L fe LANstep
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
第四步，保存分区表的修改
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.
4. 建立PV，扩展VG
使用 pvcreate 对新创建的 sda3 分区建立 PV（Physical Volume，物理卷）
┌──(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# pvcreate /dev/sda3
Physical volume "/dev/sda3" successfully created.
查看 PV 信息
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda5
VG Name kali-vg
PV Size 39.52 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 10117
Free PE 10
Allocated PE 10107
PV UUID 3G1HfC-94fR-WgfG-7AOm-Vk5H-XMsJ-n8ZJvk
"/dev/sda3" is a new physical volume of "20.00 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda3
VG Name
PV Size 20.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID KpnS49-uN86-Krm7-28Wn-XDnT-DmVK-uGLgdO
接下来扩展 VG（Volume Group），在上表可以看到这里的 VG Name 为 kali-vg
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# vgextend kali-vg /dev/sda3
Volume group "kali-vg" successfully extended
查看 VG 信息
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name kali-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 7
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 5
Open LV 5
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size <59.52 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 15237
Alloc PE / Size 10107 / 39.48 GiB
Free PE / Size 5130 / <20.04 GiB
VG UUID dB3S3w-MLYi-jn91-4ldj-lCkI-Zapb-wHSbQ9
5. 扩展LV
这个是核心部分，也就是扩展我们目标的 LV （Logical Volume，逻辑卷）
这里是因为更新系统发现 var 目录空间不够，所以要扩展 /dev/kali-vg/var 分卷
先看看 lvextend 命令的参数
lvextend -h
lvextend - Add space to a logical volume
Extend an LV by a specified size.
lvextend -L|--size [+]Size[m|UNIT] LV
[ -l|--extents [+]Number[PERCENT] ]
[ -r|--resizefs ]
[ -i|--stripes Number ]
[ -I|--stripesize Size[k|UNIT] ]
[ --poolmetadatasize [+]Size[m|UNIT] ]
[ COMMON_OPTIONS ]
[ PV ... ]
Extend an LV by specified PV extents.
lvextend LV PV ...
[ -r|--resizefs ]
[ -i|--stripes Number ]
[ -I|--stripesize Size[k|UNIT] ]
[ COMMON_OPTIONS ]
Extend a pool metadata SubLV by a specified size.
lvextend --poolmetadatasize [+]Size[m|UNIT] LV_thinpool
[ -i|--stripes Number ]
[ -I|--stripesize Size[k|UNIT] ]
[ COMMON_OPTIONS ]
[ PV ... ]
Extend an LV according to a predefined policy.
lvextend --usepolicies LV_snapshot_thinpool
[ -r|--resizefs ]
[ COMMON_OPTIONS ]
[ PV ... ]
Common options for command:
[ -A|--autobackup y|n ]
[ -f|--force ]
[ -m|--mirrors Number ]
[ -n|--nofsck ]
[ --alloc contiguous|cling|cling_by_tags|normal|anywhere|inherit ]
[ --nosync ]
[ --noudevsync ]
[ --reportformat basic|json ]
[ --type linear|striped|snapshot|mirror|raid|thin|cache|vdo|thin-pool|cache-pool|vdo-pool ]
Common options for lvm:
[ -d|--debug ]
[ -h|--help ]
[ -q|--quiet ]
[ -v|--verbose ]
[ -y|--yes ]
[ -t|--test ]
[ --commandprofile String ]
[ --config String ]
[ --driverloaded y|n ]
[ --nolocking ]
[ --lockopt String ]
[ --longhelp ]
[ --profile String ]
[ --version ]
Use --longhelp to show all options and advanced commands.
核心为 -L 和 -l 参数
-L：指定逻辑卷的大小，单位为“kKmMgGtT”字节；
-I：指定逻辑卷的大小（LE数）。
给 /var 加多 2G 吧，剩下的分给 /root 和 /home
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# lvextend -L +2G /dev/kali-vg/var
Size of logical volume kali-vg/var changed from <2.33 GiB (596 extents) to <4.33 GiB (1108 extents).
Logical volume kali-vg/var successfully resized.
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# lvextend -L +10G /dev/kali-vg/root
Size of logical volume kali-vg/root changed from <11.18 GiB (2861 extents) to <21.18 GiB (5421 extents).
Logical volume kali-vg/root successfully resized.
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# lvextend -L +8G /dev/kali-vg/home
Size of logical volume kali-vg/home changed from 24.36 GiB (6237 extents) to 32.36 GiB (8285 extents).
Logical volume kali-vg/home successfully resized.
查看目前的 LV
(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/kali-vg/root
LV Name root
VG Name kali-vg
LV UUID JVajT3-1nDp-ZixK-1acT-wAHz-zgcg-Rnyx8k
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time kali, 2021-04-12 12:00:35 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <21.18 GiB
Current LE 5421
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 254:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/kali-vg/var
LV Name var
VG Name kali-vg
LV UUID uBHVZw-T0yN-X0Tq-W6Zl-VszL-YPxi-05LZRX
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time kali, 2021-04-12 12:00:35 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <4.33 GiB
Current LE 1108
Segments 3
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 254:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/kali-vg/swap_1
LV Name swap_1
VG Name kali-vg
LV UUID AmGYAb-q1uZ-qnaa-cl9W-G3Ct-UMfO-5GCBi7
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time kali, 2021-04-12 12:00:35 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 976.00 MiB
Current LE 244
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 254:2
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/kali-vg/tmp
LV Name tmp
VG Name kali-vg
LV UUID l4z3uF-evbq-PqIx-iL9j-dt2Q-r0pN-BfubHD
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time kali, 2021-04-12 12:00:36 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 676.00 MiB
Current LE 169
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 254:3
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/kali-vg/home
LV Name home
VG Name kali-vg
LV UUID lwfJVY-bFXg-wa6k-Ey52-2cVM-SDHL-xAdl27
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time kali, 2021-04-12 12:00:36 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 32.36 GiB
Current LE 8285
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 254:4
6. 扩展文件系统
前面完成了逻辑卷物理边界（LV）的扩展，接下来完成最后一步：扩展逻辑边界（文件系统）的大小。
┌──(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# resize2fs /dev/kali-vg/home
resize2fs 1.46.1 (9-Feb-2021)
Filesystem at /dev/kali-vg/home is mounted on /home; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 4, new_desc_blocks = 5
The filesystem on /dev/kali-vg/home is now 8483840 (4k) blocks long.
┌──(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# resize2fs /dev/kali-vg/root
resize2fs 1.46.1 (9-Feb-2021)
Filesystem at /dev/kali-vg/root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 3
The filesystem on /dev/kali-vg/root is now 5551104 (4k) blocks long.
┌──(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# resize2fs /dev/kali-vg/var
resize2fs 1.46.1 (9-Feb-2021)
Filesystem at /dev/kali-vg/var is mounted on /var; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
The filesystem on /dev/kali-vg/var is now 1134592 (4k) blocks long.
查看当前文件系统，可以看到已成功扩展文件系统。
┌──(root💀kali)-[/home/kali]
└─# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 391M 1.2M 390M 1% /run
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-root 21G 8.4G 12G 43% /
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-tmp 649M 88K 601M 1% /tmp
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-var 4.2G 868M 3.2G 22% /var
/dev/sda1 470M 83M 363M 19% /boot
/dev/mapper/kali--vg-home 32G 3.7G 27G 13% /home
tmpfs 391M 60K 391M 1% /run/user/1000
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