普通表，索引和分区优化性能对比

分区表的优点，种类，选择

分区表的实现

-- 添加分区表
-- CREATE TABLE device_10 PARTITION OF history_main FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (11);
-- CREATE INDEX history_idx_device_10 ON device_10 USING btree(device_id);
-- 添加模拟数据
-- INSERT INTO history_main (device_id, geometry, valid_time, unvalid_time) 
-- select generate_series(0,99),
-- point(random()* (518373-515834)+ 515834, random() * (3690194-3688409)+ 3688409)::geometry, 
-- generate_series('2022-04-01T12:00:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '2022-04-028T12:00:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '1 minutes') ,
-- generate_series('2022-04-01T12:01:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '2022-04-028T12:01:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '1 minutes');
truncate table history_main;
INSERT INTO history_main (device_id, geometry, valid_time, unvalid_time) 
select * from (select  generate_series(0,99), point(random()* (518373-515834) + 515834, random() * (3690194 - 3688409)+ 3688409)::geometry ) AS tb1
CROSS JOIN 
    (select 
    generate_series('2020-04-28T12:00:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '2022-04-028T12:9:59'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '1 minutes') as t1,
    generate_series('2020-04-28T12:01:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '2022-04-028T12:10:59'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '1 minutes') as t2 ) as t3;
-- select generate_series(0,99),floor(random()*100);
-- 只查看主表数据
-- select * from only history_main;
-- 通过主表查询所有数据
-- select * from history_main;
-- 查询分区表的某个子表信息
-- SELECT
--     nmsp_parent.nspname AS parent_schema ,
--     parent.relname AS parent ,
--     nmsp_child.nspname AS child_schema ,
--     child.relname AS child
-- FROM
--     pg_inherits JOIN pg_class parent
--         ON pg_inherits.inhparent = parent.oid JOIN pg_class child
--         ON pg_inherits.inhrelid = child.oid JOIN pg_namespace nmsp_parent
--         ON nmsp_parent.oid = parent.relnamespace JOIN pg_namespace nmsp_child
--         ON nmsp_child.oid = child.relnamespace
-- WHERE
--     parent.relname = 'history_main' and child.relname='device_7'
-- 根据范围 创建分区表
-- Table: public.history_main
-- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_main;
-- -- CREATE SEQUENCE IF NOT EXISTS history_main_id_seq;
-- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.history_main
-- (
--     geometry geometry NOT NULL,
--     device_id Integer NOT NULL,
--     id serial,
--     state character varying(8) DEFAULT 0,
--     valid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
--     unvalid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
--     type character varying(8) ,
--     meta character varying(200) ,
--     CONSTRAINT history_main_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id, device_id)
-- ) PARTITION BY RANGE(device_id);
-- ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_main
--     OWNER to postgres;
-- 根据list 创建分区表
-- Table: public.history_main
-- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_main;
-- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.history_main
-- (
--     geometry geometry NOT NULL,
--     device_id character varying(100) NOT NULL,
--     id serial,
--     state character varying(8) DEFAULT 0,
--     valid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
--     unvalid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
--     type character varying(8) ,
--     meta character varying(200) ,
--     name character varying(100),
--     CONSTRAINT history_main_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id, device_id)
-- ) PARTITION BY LIST(device_id);
-- -- 添加分区表
-- CREATE TABLE device_0 PARTITION OF history_main FOR VALUES in('0');
-- CREATE INDEX history_idx_device_0 ON device_0 USING btree(device_id);

优化目标

1. 通过时间点查询每个设备的位置
2. 通过时间段和设备id，查询设备在当前时间内的轨迹
3. 通过name, 查询对应的设备id和轨迹
4. 数据量很大时，对表的分区优化

数据表结构

根据需求主要由以下几个字段

总的数据库优化思路：

创建分区表

根据psql12的新特性，使用声明式分区，创建history表时，将其声明成分区表，并对其进行分区

-- Table: public.history_main
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_main;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.history_main
(
    id serial,
    geometry geometry NOT NULL,
    device_id character varying(100) NOT NULL,
    state character varying(8) DEFAULT 0,
    valid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
    unvalid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
    type character varying(8) ,
    meta character varying(200) ,
    CONSTRAINT history_main_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id, device_id)
) PARTITION BY LIST(device_id);
-- -- 添加分区表
CREATE TABLE device_0 PARTITION OF history_main FOR VALUES in('0');

看数据量，如果后续数据量过大，可以进行多级分区优化。但是分区表的子表不能超过1024。如果超过就修改配置文件中 /data/postgresql.conf 中的 max_locks_per_transaction 配置。

创建索引

创建索引https://blog.csdn.net/horses/article/details/85986558

-- 对姓名创建hash索引,  只做相等查询
CREATE INDEX history_idx_name ON history_main USING hash(name);
-- 对生效时间创建btree索引， 需要做大小比较查询
CREATE INDEX history_idx_valid_time ON history_main USING  btree(valid_time);
-- 对失效时间创建btree索引，需要做大小比较查询
CREATE INDEX history_idx_unvalid_time ON history_main USING  btree(unvalid_time);

事务优化

select * from users;
begin;
update users set score = 50 where player = '库里';
update users set score = 60 where player = '哈登';
commit;
select * from users;
begin;
update users set score = 0 where player = '库里';
update users set score = 0 where player = '哈登';
rollback;
select * from users;

性能测试

添加测试数据

设置数据量:
实验设置：
普通存储，索引优化，分区，分区优化+索引优化
对比操作：初始化，更新，条件查询

创建不同类型的数据表

-- 1. history_normal 普通表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_normal;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.history_normal
(
  id serial NOT NULL,
  geometry geometry NOT NULL,
  device_id character varying(100) NOT NULL,
  state character varying(8) DEFAULT 0,
  valid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  unvalid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  type character varying(8) ,
  meta character varying(200) ,
  name character varying(100),
  CONSTRAINT history_normal_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id,device_id)
);
-- 2. history_index 索引表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_index;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.history_index
(
  id serial NOT NULL,
  geometry geometry NOT NULL,
  device_id character varying(100) NOT NULL,
  state character varying(8) DEFAULT 0,
  valid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  unvalid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  type character varying(8) ,
  meta character varying(200) ,
  name character varying(100),
  CONSTRAINT history_index_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id,device_id)
);
-- 对姓名创建hash索引,  只做相等查询
CREATE INDEX history_idx_name ON history_index USING hash(name);
-- 对生效时间创建btree索引， 需要做大小比较查询
CREATE INDEX history_idx_valid_time ON history_index USING  btree(valid_time);
-- 对失效时间创建btree索引，需要做大小比较查询
CREATE INDEX history_idx_unvalid_time ON history_index USING  btree(unvalid_time);
-- 3. history_div 分区表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_div;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.history_div
(
  geometry geometry NOT NULL,
  device_id character varying(100) NOT NULL,
  id serial,
  state character varying(8) DEFAULT 0,
  valid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  unvalid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  type character varying(8) ,
  meta character varying(200) ,
  name character varying(100),
  CONSTRAINT history_div_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id, device_id)
) PARTITION BY LIST(device_id);
-- CREATE TABLE device_0 PARTITION OF history_main FOR VALUES in('0');
-- 4. history_main 分区+索引
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.history_main;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.history_main
(
  geometry geometry NOT NULL,
  device_id character varying(100) NOT NULL,
  id serial,
  state character varying(8) DEFAULT 0,
  valid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  unvalid_time timestamp(6) with time zone,
  type character varying(8) ,
  meta character varying(200) ,
  name character varying(100),
  CONSTRAINT history_main_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id, device_id)
) PARTITION BY LIST(device_id);
-- CREATE INDEX history_main_name ON history_main USING hash(name);
-- 对生效时间创建btree索引， 需要做大小比较查询
CREATE INDEX history_main_valid_time ON history_main USING  btree(valid_time);
-- 对失效时间创建btree索引，需要做大小比较查询
CREATE INDEX history_main_unvalid_time ON history_main USING  btree(unvalid_time);

测试插入模拟数据

-- 创建测试数据
DROP VIEW IF EXISTS public.test_data;
create view test_data as
select device_id::character varying(100) as device_id, point(random() * (518373-515834) + 515834, random() * (3690194 - 3688409)+ 3688409)::geometry as geom, valid_time, unvalid_time,
    device_id::character varying(100) as name,
    ''::character varying(8) as state,
    ''::character varying(8) as type,
    ''::character varying(200) as meta
    from (select  generate_series(0,999) as device_id, point(random() * (518373-515834) + 515834, random() * (3690194 - 3688409)+ 3688409)::geometry as geom)  AS tb1
CROSS JOIN 
    (select 
    generate_series('2020-04-28T12:00:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '2022-04-028T12:9:59'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '1 hours') as valid_time,
    generate_series('2020-04-28T12:10:00'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '2022-04-028T12:19:59'::timestamp(6) with time zone, '1 hours') as unvalid_time ) as t3;
truncate table history_main;
truncate table history_div;
truncate table history_index;
truncate table history_normal;
-- 测试插入普通表
INSERT INTO history_normal(geometry, device_id, state, valid_time,  unvalid_time ,type, meta, name) 
                        select geom, device_id , state ,valid_time ,unvalid_time , type, meta , name 
                      from test_data;
-- 测试插入索引优化表
INSERT INTO history_index(geometry, device_id, state, valid_time,  unvalid_time ,type, meta, name) 
                        select geom, device_id , state ,valid_time ,unvalid_time , type, meta , name 
                      from test_data;
-- 测试分区优化表
INSERT INTO history_div(geometry, device_id, state, valid_time,  unvalid_time ,type, meta, name) 
                        select geom, device_id , state ,valid_time ,unvalid_time , type, meta , name 
                      from test_data;
-- 测试索引+分区优化表
INSERT INTO history_main(geometry, device_id, state, valid_time,  unvalid_time ,type, meta, name) 
                        select geom, device_id , state ,valid_time ,unvalid_time , type, meta , name 
                      from test_data;

条件查询

-- 根据时间段和id 查询轨迹
select device_id, geometry, valid_time, unvalid_time from public.history_normal
where device_id = (floor(random() * 1000)::varchar)
and valid_time > '2022-1-1T0:0:0' 
and unvalid_time < '2022-4-28T0:0:0';
-- 根据时间点查询所有设备的位置
select device_id, geometry, valid_time, unvalid_time from history_normal
where valid_time <=  '2022-1-1T0:0:0' 
and unvalid_time > '2022-1-1T0:0:0';