启用 Hyper-V
虚拟交换机管理
- Get-VMSwitch
- New-VMSwitch
  - 创建 External Network 的交换机
虚拟机管理

官网链接：https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/hyper-v/?view=win10-ps

环境： Windows 10 Pro 1809

启用 Hyper-V

查询 Hyper-V 功能是否启用

Get-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName "*-hyper-*" | Format-Table

返回结果如下

FeatureName                               State DisplayName                           Description                                                                                           RestartRequire
                                                                                                                                                                                                         d
-----------                               ----- -----------                           -----------                                                                                           --------------
Microsoft-Hyper-V-All                   Enabled Hyper-V                               Provides services and management tools for creating and running virtual machines and their resources.       Possible
Microsoft-Hyper-V                       Enabled Hyper-V Platform                      Provides the services that you can use to create and manage virtual machines and their resources.           Possible
Microsoft-Hyper-V-Tools-All             Enabled Hyper-V Management Tools              Includes GUI and command-line tools for managing Hyper-V.                                                   Possible
Microsoft-Hyper-V-Management-PowerShell Enabled Hyper-V Module for Windows PowerShell Includes Windows PowerShell cmdlets for managing Hyper-V.                                                   Possible
Microsoft-Hyper-V-Hypervisor            Enabled Hyper-V Hypervisor                    Provides the Hyper-V Hypervisor.                                                                            Possible
Microsoft-Hyper-V-Services              Enabled Hyper-V Services                      Provides the services that you can use to create and manage virtual machines and their resources.           Possible
Microsoft-Hyper-V-Management-Clients    Enabled Hyper-V GUI Management Tools          Includes the Hyper-V Manager snap-in and Virtual Machine Connection tool.                                   Possible

启用 Hyper-V

Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName "Microsoft-Hyper-V-All"

虚拟交换机管理

Get-VMSwitch

Get-VMSwitch

Name           SwitchType NetAdapterInterfaceDescription
----           ---------- ------------------------------
Default Switch Internal

默认内置了一个类型为内部（Internal）网络的虚拟交换机，名为 Default Switch。如果有局域网内非宿主机的其他机器的访问需求，则需要创建一个类型为外部网络的交换机。

New-VMSwitch

创建 External Network 的交换机

先 Get-NetAdapter 一下，找到你现在连接局域网的网卡的 NetAdapterInterfaceDescription。

Name                         InterfaceDescription                     ifIndex Status       MacAddress        LinkSpeed
----                         --------------------                     ------- ------       ----------        ---------
Ethernet 3                   PANGP Virtual Ethernet Adapter #2             23 Disconnected 02-50-41-00-00-01    2 Gbps
vEthernet (Default Switch)   Hyper-V Virtual Ethernet Adapter              28 Up           00-15-5D-ED-14-55   10 Gbps
Ethernet                     Intel(R) Ethernet Connection (5) I219-LM      21 Up           8C-EC-4B-5A-F4-A8    1 Gbps
Wi-Fi                        Intel(R) Dual Band Wireless-AC 8265           16 Disconnected 74-E5-F9-F0-54-6F     0 bps
vEthernet (External network) Hyper-V Virtual Ethernet Adapter #2            5 Up           8C-EC-4B-5A-F4-A8    1 Gbps

然后就可以创建名为 External Switch 的交换机了

New-VMSwitch -Name "External Switch" -NetAdapterInterfaceDescription "Intel(R) Ethernet Connection (5) I219-LM"

虚拟机管理

创建和设置

New-VM

# 常用创建VM的完整命令
$new_vm_name="new vm1"
$base_path="E:\Hyper-V"
$switch_name="External Switch"
New-VM `
-Name $new_vm_name `
-Path "$base_path" `
-Generation 1 `
-MemoryStartupBytes 2GB `
-NewVHDSizeBytes 20GB `
-NewVHDPath "$base_path\$new_vm_name\Virtual Hard Disks\$new_vm_name.vhdx" `
-SwitchName $switch_name

Set-VM

在 New-VM 的时候有些参数无法设置，只能再通过 Set-VM 设置

# 禁用自动生成检查点
Set-VM -AutomaticCheckpointsEnabled 0 -Name $new_vm_name 
# 设置成静态内存
Set-VM -StaticMemory -Name $new_vm_name 
# 设置自动启动, 默认值：StartIfRunning (Automatically start if it was runnning when the service stopped)
# 可选值：Start(Always start this virtual machine automatically), Nothing 
Set-VM -AutomaticStartAction Start -Name $new_vm_name 
# 设置CPU处理器
Set-VMProcessor -Count 4 -VMName $new_vm_name 
# 设置启动 DVD Drive
Set-VMDvdDrive -Path "E:\OS Images\CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-2003.iso" -VMName $new_vm_name

在之前创建VM时的设置也可以修改。如关机之后，调小内存

Set-VM -MemoryStartupBytes 512MB -Name $new_vm_name

常规管理

Get-VM

# 默认方式查看虚拟机
Get-VM
# 用自定义的格式查看
'
$MemoryAssigned=@{Label = "Mem(MB)"; Expression = {$_.MemoryAssigned/1048576}}
$MemoryDemand=@{Label = "Demand(MB)"; Expression = {$_.MemoryDemand/1048576}}
$CPU=@{Label = "CPU"; Expression = {"{0}%" -f $_.CPUUsage}}
$CPU_Count=@{Label = "CPUs"; Expression = {(Get-VMProcessor -VMName $_.Name).Count}}
$Uptime=@{
    Label = "Uptime"
    Expression = {
        if ( ($_.Uptime.TotalDays -split "\.")[0] -ne 0 ) { "{0}d{1}h" -f $_.Uptime.Days,$_.Uptime.Hours }
      elseif ( ($_.Uptime.TotalHours -split "\.")[0] -ne 0 ) { "{0}h{1}m" -f $_.Uptime.Hours,$_.Uptime.Minutes }
      elseif ( ($_.Uptime.TotalMinutes -split "\.")[0] -ne 0 ) { "{0}m{1}s" -f $_.Uptime.Minutes,$_.Uptime.Seconds }
      else { "{0}s" -f $_.Uptime.Seconds }
  }
}
$AutomaticStartAction=@{Label = "AutoStartAction"; Expression = {$_.AutomaticStartAction}}
$ParentCheckpointName=@{Label = "FromCheckpoint"; Expression = {$_.ParentCheckpointName}}
Get-VM | Format-Table  Name,State,$CPU_Count,$CPU,$MemoryAssigned,$MemoryDemand,$Uptime,Status,$ParentCheckpointName -AutoSize
' | Out-File list_vm.ps1
.\list_vm.ps1

Start-VM

Start-VM -Name $new_vm_name
# 批量启动
Get-VM | ? { $_.Name -like "etcd-*" } | Start-VM -Confirm

Restart-VM

Restart-VM -Name $new_vm_name
# 一键重启所有名字以 etcd-开头的 VM
Get-VM | ? { $_.Name -like "etcd-*" } | Restart-VM -Confirm

Stop-VM

Stop-VM -Name $new_vm_name
# 一键关机，适用于宿主机需要关机的时候
Get-VM | ForEach-Object { $_ | Stop-VM -Confirm }

快照和恢复

Checkpoint-VM

# 指定快照名存档
Checkpoint-VM -Name $new_vm_name -SnapshotName BeforeInstallingUpdates
# 过程有点长，可以后台，然后用 Get-VM 查看
Checkpoint-VM -Name $new_vm_name -SnapshotName BeforeInstallingUpdates -AsJob
# 批量对以 etcd- 开头的虚拟机进行拍快照
Get-VM | ? { $_.Name -like "etcd-?" } | Checkpoint-VM -SnapshotName 'OSInstalled' -AsJob
# 查询在 Server1 （非本机） 上运行的 vm 然后对其 checkpoint
Get-VM $new_vm_name -ComputerName Server1 | Checkpoint-VM

Get-VMSnapshot

Get-VMSnapshot -VMName $new_vm_name
Get-VM | ? { $_.Name -like "etcd-?" } | Get-VMSnapshot

Remove-VMSnapshot

Remove-VMSnapshot -VMName $new_vm_name -Name 'OSInstalled'
# 删除该虚拟机最近的一个快照
Get-VMSnapshot -VMName $new_vm_name | Sort CreationTime | Select -Last 1 | Remove-VMSnapshot

Restore-VMSnapshot

# 从 Snapshot 恢复，会占据当前 powershell 的终端，并在上方出现进度条，不可以做其他操作
Restore-VMSnapshot -Name 'OSInstalled' -VMName $new_vm_name
# 过程有点长，可以后台，然后用 Get-VM 查看状态，但是系统内存已经快用完的情况下，不建议后台恢复多台
Restore-VMSnapshot -Name 'OSInstalled' -VMName $new_vm_name -AsJob
# 基于虚拟机命名规则，批量恢复到 OSInstalled 这个快照
Get-VM | ? { $_.Name -like "k8s-master-? "} | Restore-VMSnapshot -Name 'OSInstalled'
# Applies the most recent checkpoint on all virtual machines with no confirmation prompts.
Get-VM | Foreach-Object { $_ | Get-VMSnapshot | Sort CreationTime | Select -Last 1 | Restore-VMSnapshot -Confirm:$false }

删除

Remove-VM

Remove-VM -Name $new_vm_name
# Clean the remaining vhdx file
Remove-Item "$base_path\$new_vm_name\Virtual Hard Disks\$new_vm_name.vhdx"

使用 PowerShell 玩转 Hyper-V

启用 Hyper-V

虚拟交换机管理

Get-VMSwitch

New-VMSwitch

创建 External Network 的交换机

虚拟机管理

创建和设置

New-VM

Set-VM

常规管理

Get-VM

Start-VM

Restart-VM

Stop-VM

快照和恢复

Checkpoint-VM

Get-VMSnapshot

Remove-VMSnapshot

Restore-VMSnapshot

删除

Remove-VM