1. L1 cache reference                      0.5 ns    
    2. Branch mispredict                          5 ns    
    3. L2 cache reference                      7 ns    
    4. Mutex lock/unlock                          100 ns    
    5. Main memory reference                      100 ns    
    6. Compress 1K bytes with Zippy              10,000 ns            0.01 ms
    7. Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network          10,000 ns            0.01 ms
    8. Read 1 MB sequentially from memory      250,000 ns        0.25 ms
    9. Round trip within same datacenter          500,000 ns            0.5 ms
    10. Disk seek                                  10,000,000 ns        10 ms
    11. Read 1 MB sequentially from network      10,000,000 ns        10 ms
    12. Read 1 MB sequentially from disk          30,000,000 ns        30 ms
    13. Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA          150,000,000 ns    150 ms