1. 最重要的规则

编写代码时最重要的一条规则是:检查周围的代码并尝试模仿它。
作为维护人员,如果收到的补丁明显与周围代码的编码风格不同,这是令人沮丧的。这是不尊重人的,就像某人穿着泥泞的鞋子走进一间一尘不染的房子。因此,无论本文推荐的是什么,如果已经编写了代码并且您正在对其进行修补,请保持其当前的样式一致,即使它不是您最喜欢的样式。

2. 一般性原则

这里列出了最明显和最重要的一般规则。在你继续阅读其他章节之前,请仔细检查它们。

  • 使用C99标准
  • 不使用制表符,而是使用空格
  • 每个缩进级别使用4个空格
  • 在关键字和左括号之间使用一个空格
  • 在函数名和左括号之间不要使用空格

    1. int32_t a = sum(4, 3); /* OK */
    2. int32_t a = sum (4, 3); /* Wrong */
  • 不要在 变量/函数/宏/类型 中使用_或前缀。这是为C语言本身保留的

  • 对于严格的模块私有函数,使用 prv_ 前缀
  • 对于包含下划线 _ 的 变量/函数/类型,只能使用小写字母
  • 左花括号总是与关键字(for, while, do, switch, if,…)在同一行

    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {           /* OK */
    }
    for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i){            /* Wrong */
    }
    for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i)             /* Wrong */
    {
    }
    
  • 在比较操作符和赋值操作符之前和之后使用单个空格

    int32_t a;
    a = 3 + 4;              /* OK */
    for (a = 0; a < 5; ++a) /* OK */
    a=3+4;                  /* Wrong */
    a = 3+4;                /* Wrong */
    for (a=0;a<5;++a)       /* Wrong */
    
  • 每个逗号后用单空格

    func_name(5, 4);        /* OK */
    func_name(4,3);         /* Wrong */
    
  • 不要初始化静态和全局变量为0(NULL),让编译器为您做

    static int32_t a;       /* OK */
    static int32_t b = 4;   /* OK */
    static int32_t a = 0;   /* Wrong */
    void my_func(void) {
      static int32_t* ptr;/* OK */
      static char abc = 0;/* Wrong */
    }
    
  • 在同一行中声明所有相同类型的局部变量

    void my_func(void) {
      char a;             /* OK */
      char b;             /* Wrong, variable with char type already exists */
      char a, b;          /* OK */
    }
    
  • 按顺序声明局部变量

  i. 自定义结构和枚举
  ii. 整数类型,更宽的无符号类型优先
  iii. 单/双浮点

int my_func(void) {
    /* 1 */
    my_struct_t my;     /* First custom structures */
    my_struct_ptr_t* p; /* Pointers too */
    /* 2 */
    uint32_t a;
    int32_t b;
    uint16_t c;
    int16_t g;
    char h;
    /* ... */
    /* 3 */
    double d;
    float f;
}
  • 总是在块的开头声明局部变量,在第一个可执行语句之前
  • 在for循环中声明计数器变量 ``` / OK / for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) / OK, if you need counter variable later / size_t i; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { if (…) {
      break;
    
    } } if (i * 10) { }

/ Wrong / size_t i; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) …


- 避免在声明中使用函数调用来赋值变量,除了单个变量

void a(void) { / Avoid function calls when declaring variable / int32_t a, b = sum(1, 2); / Use this / int32_t a, b; b = sum(1, 2); / This is ok / uint8_t a = 3, b = 4; }


- 除了`char`、`float`或`double`之外,始终使用`stdint.h`标准库中声明的类型。例如,`8`位的uint`8`_t等
- 不要使用`stdbool.h`库。分别使用`1`或`0`表示真或假

/ OK / uint8_t status; status = 0; / Wrong /

include

bool status = true;


- 永远不要与真实相比较。例如,使用`if(check_func()){…}`替换`if (check_func() * 1)`
- 总是将指针与空值进行比较

void ptr; // / OK, compare against NULL / if (ptr NULL || ptr != NULL) { } / Wrong / if (ptr || !ptr) { }


- 总是使用前增量(和递减),而不是后增量(和递减)

int32_t a = 0; … a++; / Wrong / ++a; / OK / for (size_t j = 0; j < 10; ++j) {} / OK /


- 总是使用`size_t`作为长度或大小变量
- 如果函数不应该修改指针所指向的内存,则总是使用`const`作为指针
- 如果不应该修改函数的形参或变量,则总是使用`const`

/ When d could be modified, data pointed to by d could not be modified / void my_func(const void d) { } / When d and data pointed to by d both could not be modified / void my_func(const void const d) { } / Not required, it is advised / void my_func(const size_t len) { } / When d should not be modified inside function, only data pointed to by d could be modified / void my_func(void* const d) { }


- 当函数可以接受任何类型的指针时,总是使用`void` *,不要使用`uint8_t` *。函数在实现时必须注意正确的类型转换

/*

  • To send data, function should not modify memory pointed to by data variable
  • thus const keyword is important *
  • To send generic data (or to write them to file)
  • any type may be passed for data,
  • thus use void * / / OK example / void send_data(const void data, size_t len) { / OK / / Do not cast `void orconst void ` / const uint8_t d = data;/ Function handles proper type for internal usage / } void send_data(const void data, int len) { / Wrong, not not use int / } ```
  • 总是使用括号和sizeof操作符
  • 不要使用变长数组。使用动态内存分配代替标准C malloc和自由函数,或者如果库/项目提供了自定义内存分配,使用它的实现看看LwMEM,一个自定义内存管理库。

    /* OK */
    #include <stdlib.h>
    void
    my_func(size_t size) {
      int32_t* arr;
      arr = malloc(sizeof(*arr) * n); /* OK, Allocate memory */
      arr = malloc(sizeof *arr * n);  /* Wrong, brackets for sizeof operator are missing */
      if (arr * NULL) {
          /* FAIL, no memory */
      }
      free(arr);  /* Free memory after usage */
    }
    /* Wrong */
    void
    my_func(size_t size) {
      int32_t arr[size];  /* Wrong, do not use VLA */
    }
    
  • 总是将variable0进行比较,除非它被视为布尔类型

  • 永远不要将布尔处理的变量与01进行比较。用NOT(!)代替

    size_t length = 5;  /* Counter variable */
    uint8_t is_ok = 0;  /* Boolean-treated variable */
    if (length)         /* Wrong, length is not treated as boolean */
    if (length > 0)     /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */
    if (length * 0)    /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */
    if (is_ok)          /* OK, variable is treated as boolean */
    if (!is_ok)         /* OK, -||- */
    if (is_ok * 1)     /* Wrong, never compare boolean variable against 1! */
    if (is_ok * 0)     /* Wrong, use ! for negative check */
    
  • 对于注释,总是使用/* comment */,即使是单行注释

  • 在头文件中总是包含带有extern关键字的c++检查
  • 每个函数都必须包含doxygen-enabled注释,即使函数是静态的
  • 使用英文名称/文本的函数,变量,注释
  • 变量使用小写字母
  • 如果变量包含多个名称,请使用下划线。force_redraw。不要使用forceRedraw
  • 对于C标准库的包含文件,请始终使用<和>。例如,# include < stdlib.h >
  • 对于自定义库,请始终使用""。例如,# includemy_library.h
  • 当转换为指针类型时,总是将星号与类型对齐,例如。uint8_t* t = (uint8_t*)var_width_diff_type
  • 始终尊重项目或库中已经使用的代码风格

3. 注释相关的规则

  • 不允许以//开头的注释。总是使用/* xx */,即使是单行注释
  • 对于多行注释,每行使用空格+星号 ``` /*
    • This is multi-line comments,
    • written in 2 lines (ok) */

/**

  • Wrong, use double-asterisk only for doxygen documentation */

/*

  • Single line comment without space before asterisk (wrong) */

/*

  • Single line comment in multi-line configuration (wrong) */

/ Single line comment (ok) /


- 注释时使用12个缩进(12 * 4个空格)偏移量。如果语句大于12个缩进,将注释4-空格对齐(下面的例子)到下一个可用缩进

void my_func(void) { char a, b; a = call_func_returning_char_a(a); / This is comment with 124 spaces indent from beginning of line / b = call_func_returning_char_a_but_func_name_is_very_long(a); / This is comment, aligned to 4-spaces indent */ }


<a name="Q65sg"></a>
# 4. 函数定义的规则

- 每个可以从模块外部访问的函数都必须包含函数原型(或声明)
- 函数名必须小写,可以用下划线_分隔。(因人而异)

/ OK / void my_func(void); void myfunc(void);

/ Wrong / void MYFunc(void); void myFunc();


- 当函数返回指针时,将星号对齐到返回类型

/ OK / const char my_func(void); my_struct_t my_func(int32_t a, int32_t b);

/ Wrong / const char my_func(void); my_struct_t my_func(void);


- 对齐所有的功能原型(使用相同/相似的功能)以提高可读性(因人而异)

/ OK, function names aligned / void set(int32_t a); my_type_t get(void); my_ptr_t* get_ptr(void);

/ Wrong / void set(int32_t a); const char * get(void);


- 函数实现必须在单独的行中包含返回类型和可选的其他关键字(因人而异)

/ OK / int32_t foo(void) { return 0; }

/ OK / static const char* get_string(void) { return “Hello world!\r\n”; }

/ Wrong / int32_t foo(void) { return 0; }


<a name="N0SkG"></a>
# 5. 变量相关的规则

- 使变量名全部小写,下划线_ 字符可选

/ OK / int32_t a; int32_t my_var; int32_t myvar;

/ Wrong / int32_t A; int32_t myVar; int32_t MYVar;


- 按类型将局部变量分组在一起

void foo(void) { int32_t a, b; / OK / char a; char b; / Wrong, char type already exists / }


- 不要在第一个可执行语句之后声明变量

void foo(void) { int32_t a; a = bar(); int32_t b; / Wrong, there is already executable statement / }


- 你可以在下一个缩进级别中声明新的变量

int32_t a, b; a = foo(); if (a) { int32_t c, d; / OK, c and d are in if-statement scope / c = foo(); int32_t e; / Wrong, there was already executable statement inside block / }


- 用星号声明指针变量与类型对齐

/ OK / char* a;

/ Wrong / char a; char a;


- 当声明多个指针变量时,可以使用星号对变量名进行声明

/ OK / char p, n;


<a name="SMK4t"></a>
# 6. 结构、枚举类型定义

- 结构名或枚举名必须小写,单词之间有下划线`_`字符
- 结构或枚举可以包含`typedef`关键字
- 所有结构成员都必须小写
- 所有枚举成员必须是大写的
- 结构`/`枚举必须遵循`doxygen`文档语法
- 在声明结构体时,它可以使用以下三种不同的选项之一`:`

  1. 当结构体仅用名称声明时,它的名称后不能包含`_t`后缀。

struct struct_name { char* a; char b; };

  2. 当只使用`typedef`声明结构时,它的名称后面必须包含`_t`后缀。

typedef struct { char* a; char b; } struct_name_t;

  3. 当结构用`name`和`typedef`声明时,它不能包含t作为基本名称,它必须在它的名称后面包含t后缀作为`typedef`部分。

typedef struct struct_name { char* a; char b; char c; } struct_name_t;


- 错误声明的例子及其建议的纠正:

/ a and b must be separated to 2 lines / / Name of structure with typedef must include _t suffix / typedef struct { int32_t a, b; } a;

/ Corrected version / typedef struct { int32_t a; int32_t b; } a_t;

/ Wrong name, it must not include _t suffix / struct name_t { int32_t a; int32_t b; };

/ Wrong parameters, must be all uppercase / typedef enum { MY_ENUM_TESTA, my_enum_testb, } my_enum_t;


- 在声明时初始化结构时,使用C99初始化风格

/ OK / a_t a = { .a = 4, .b = 5, };

/ Wrong / a_t a = {1, 2};


- 当为函数句柄引入`new` `typedef`时,使用`_fn`后缀

/ Function accepts 2 parameters and returns uint8_t / / Name of typedef has _fn suffix / typedef uint8_t (my_func_typedef_fn)(uint8_t p1, const char p2);

![image.gif](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2021/gif/2767429/1624332584150-c1c751f1-d151-4e9c-a697-e8716b05fc9c.gif#align=left&display=inline&height=1&margin=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&name=image.gif&originHeight=1&originWidth=1&size=70&status=done&style=none&width=1)
<a name="qcHz0"></a>
# 7. 复合语句规则

- 每个复合语句必须包括左花括号和右花括号,即使它只包含1个嵌套语句
- 每个复合语句必须包含单个缩进;嵌套语句时,每个嵌套包含1个缩进大小

/ OK / if (c) { do_a(); } else { do_b(); }

/ Wrong / if (c) do_a(); else do_b();

/ Wrong / if (c) do_a(); else do_b();


- 在`if`或`if`-`else`-`if`语句的情况下,`else`必须与第一条语句的右括号在同一行

/ OK / if (a) { } else if (b) { } else { }

/ Wrong / if (a) { } else { }

/ Wrong / if (a) { } else { }


- 在`do-while`语句的情况下,`while`部分必须与`do`部分的右括号在同一行

/ OK / do { int32_t a; a = do_a(); do_b(a); } while (check());

/ Wrong / do { // } while (check());

/ Wrong / do { // } while (check());

![image.gif](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2021/gif/2767429/1624332584155-50317604-2b16-4e69-84c5-2513f199df15.gif#align=left&display=inline&height=1&margin=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&name=image.gif&originHeight=1&originWidth=1&size=70&status=done&style=none&width=1)

- 每一个开括号都需要缩进

if (a) { do_a(); } else { do_b(); if (c) { do_c(); } }


- 不要做没有花括号的复合语句,即使是单个语句。下面的例子展示了一些不好的做法

if (a) do_b(); else do_c(); if (a) do_a(); else do_b();


- 空`while`循环、`do-while`循环或`for`循环必须包含花括号

/ OK / while (is_register_bit_set()) {} / Wrong / while (is_register_bit_set()); while (is_register_bit_set()) { } while (is_register_bit_set()) { }


- 如果`while`(或for、`do-while`等)为空(嵌入式编程中也可能是这种情况),请使用空的单行括号

/ Wait for bit to be set in embedded hardware unit uint32_t addr = HW_PERIPH_REGISTER_ADDR; / Wait bit 13 to be ready / while (addr & (1 << 13)) {} / OK, empty loop contains no spaces inside curly brackets / while (addr & (1 << 13)) { } / Wrong / while (addr & (1 << 13)) { / Wrong / } while (addr & (1 << 13)); / Wrong, curly brackets are missing. Can lead to compiler warnings or unintentional bugs /


- 尽量避免在循环块内递增变量,参见示例

/ Not recommended / int32_t a = 0; while (a < 10) { . .. … ++a; }

/ Better / for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ++a) { } / Better, if inc may not happen in every cycle / for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ) { if (…) { ++a; } }

![image.gif](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2021/gif/2767429/1624332584154-3ea1a6be-da30-469b-9f00-e23b16587b93.gif#align=left&display=inline&height=1&margin=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&name=image.gif&originHeight=1&originWidth=1&size=70&status=done&style=none&width=1)
<a name="rRE2p"></a>
# 8. 分支语句规则

- 为每个`case`语句添加单个缩进
- 使用额外的单缩进`break`语句在每个`case`或`default`

/ OK, every case has single indent / / OK, every break has additional indent / switch (check()) { case 0: do_a(); break; case 1: do_b(); break; default: break; }

/ Wrong, case indent missing / switch (check()) { case 0: do_a(); break; case 1: do_b(); break; default: break; } / Wrong / switch (check()) { case 0: do_a(); break; / Wrong, break must have indent as it is under case / case 1: do_b(); / Wrong, indent under case is missing / break; default: break; }


- 总是包含`default`语句

/ OK / switch (var) { case 0: do_job(); break; default: break; }

/ Wrong, default is missing / switch (var) { case 0: do_job(); break; }


- 如果需要局部变量,则使用花括号并在里面放入`break`语句。将左花括号放在`case`语句的同一行

switch (a) { / OK / case 0: { int32_t a, b; char c; a = 5; // break; } / Wrong / case 1: { int32_t a; break; } / Wrong, break shall be inside / case 2: { int32_t a; } break; }

![image.gif](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2021/gif/2767429/1624332584199-1902b6ea-dd8f-46d8-9e70-f16effd27ef9.gif#align=left&display=inline&height=1&margin=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&name=image.gif&originHeight=1&originWidth=1&size=70&status=done&style=none&width=1)
<a name="x2d8P"></a>
# 9. 宏和预处理命令

- 总是使用宏而不是文字常量,特别是对于数字
- 所有的宏必须是全大写的,并带有下划线_字符(可选),除非它们被明确标记为`function`,将来可能会被常规函数语法替换

/ OK /

define MY_MACRO(x) ((x) * (x))

/ Wrong /

define square(x) ((x) * (x))


- 总是用圆括号保护输入参数

/ OK /

define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))

/ Wrong /

define MIN(x, y) x < y ? x : y


- 总是用括号保护最终的宏计算

/ Wrong /

define MIN(x, y) (x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)

define SUM(x, y) (x) + (y)

/ Imagine result of this equation using wrong SUM implementation / int32_t x = 5 SUM(3, 4); / Expected result is 5 7 = 35 / int32_t x = 5 (3) + (4); / It is evaluated to this, final result = 19 which is not what we expect / / Correct implementation */

define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))

define SUM(x, y) ((x) + (y))


- 当宏使用多个语句时,使用`do-while(0)`语句保护它

typedef struct { int32_t px, py; } point_t; point_t p; / Define new point /

/ Wrong implementation / / Define macro to set point /

define SET_POINT(p, x, y) (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y) / 2 statements. Last one should not implement semicolon /

SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4); / Set point to position 3, 4. This evaluates to… / (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); / … to this. In this example this is not a problem. / / Consider this ugly code, however it is valid by C standard (not recommended) / if (a) / If a is true / if (b) / If b is true / SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/ Set point to x = 3, y = 4 / else SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/ Set point to x = 5, y = 6 /

/ Evaluates to code below. Do you see the problem? / if (a) if (b) (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); else (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6); / Or if we rewrite it a little / if (a) if (b) (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); else (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6); /*

  • Ask yourself a question: To which if statement else keyword belongs? *
  • Based on first part of code, answer is straight-forward. To inner if statement when we check b condition
  • Actual answer: Compilation error as else belongs nowhere */

/ Better and correct implementation of macro /

define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y); } while (0) / 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop /

/ Or even better /

define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { \ / Backslash indicates statement continues in new line /

(p)->px = (x);                  \
(p)->py = (y);                  \

} while (0) / 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop /

/ Now original code evaluates to / if (a) if (b) do { (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); } while (0); else do { (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6); } while (0); / Every part of if or else contains only 1 inner statement (do-while), hence this is valid evaluation / / To make code perfect, use brackets for every if-ifelse-else statements / if (a) { / If a is true / if (b) { / If b is true / SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/ Set point to x = 3, y = 4 / } else { SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/ Set point to x = 5, y = 6 / } }


- 不缩进子语句内#if语句

/ OK /

if defined(XYZ)

if defined(ABC)

/ do when ABC defined /

endif / defined(ABC) /

else / defined(XYZ) /

/ Do when XYZ not defined /

endif / !defined(XYZ) /

/ Wrong /

if defined(XYZ)

#if defined(ABC)
    /* do when ABC defined */
#endif /* defined(ABC) */

else / defined(XYZ) /

/* Do when XYZ not defined */

endif / !defined(XYZ) /

文档


- 文档化的代码允许`doxygen`解析和通用的`html`/`pdf`/`latex`输出,因此正确地执行是非常重要的。
- 对变量、函数和结构`/`枚举使用`doxygen`支持的文档样式
- 经常使用`\`作为`doxygen`,不要使用`@`
- 始终使用`5x4`空格`(5`个制表符`)`作为文本行开始的偏移量

/**

  • \brief Holds pointer to first entry in linked list
  • Beginning of this text is 5 tabs (20 spaces) from beginning of line / static type_t list; ``` image.gif
  • 每个结构/枚举成员都必须包含文档
  • 注释的开头使用12x4空格偏移量

    /**
    * \brief           This is point struct
    * \note            This structure is used to calculate all point
    *                      related stuff
    */
    typedef struct {
      int32_t x;                                  /*!< Point X coordinate */
      int32_t y;                                  /*!< Point Y coordinate */
      int32_t size;                               /*!< Point size.
                                                      Since comment is very big,
                                                      you may go to next line */
    } point_t;
    /**
    * \brief           Point color enumeration
    */
    typedef enum {
      COLOR_RED,                                  /*!< Red color. This comment has 12x4
                                                      spaces offset from beginning of line */
      COLOR_GREEN,                                /*!< Green color */
      COLOR_BLUE,                                 /*!< Blue color */
    } point_color_t;
    
  • 函数的文档必须在函数实现中编写(通常是源文件)

  • 函数必须包括简要和所有参数文档
  • 如果每个参数分别为inout输入和输出,则必须注意
  • 如果函数返回某个值,则必须包含返回形参。这不适用于void函数
  • 函数可以包含其他doxygen关键字,如note或warning
  • 在参数名和描述之间使用冒号:

    /**
    * \brief           Sum `2` numbers
    * \param[in]       a: First number
    * \param[in]       b: Second number
    * \return          Sum of input values
    */
    int32_t
    sum(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
      return a + b;
    }
    /**
    * \brief           Sum `2` numbers and write it to pointer
    * \note            This function does not return value, it stores it to pointer instead
    * \param[in]       a: First number
    * \param[in]       b: Second number
    * \param[out]      result: Output variable used to save result
    */
    void
    void_sum(int32_t a, int32_t b, int32_t* result) {
      *result = a + b;
    }
    
  • 如果函数返回枚举的成员,则使用ref关键字指定哪个成员

    /**
    * \brief           My enumeration
    */
    typedef enum {
      MY_ERR,                                     /*!< Error value */
      MY_OK                                       /*!< OK value */
    } my_enum_t;
    /**
    * \brief           Check some value
    * \return          \ref MY_OK on success, member of \ref my_enum_t otherwise
    */
    my_enum_t
    check_value(void) {
      return MY_OK;
    }
    
  • 对常量或数字使用符号(' NULL ' => NULL)

    /**
    * \brief           Get data from input array
    * \param[in]       in: Input data
    * \return          Pointer to output data on success, `NULL` otherwise
    */
    const void *
    get_data(const void* in) {
      return in;
    }
    
  • 宏的文档必须包括hideinitializer doxygen命令

    /**
    * \brief           Get minimal value between `x` and `y`
    * \param[in]       x: First value
    * \param[in]       y: Second value
    * \return          Minimal value between `x` and `y`
    * \hideinitializer
    */
    #define MIN(x, y)       ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
    

    image.gif

    10. 头/源文件

  • 在文件末尾留下一个空行

  • 每个文件都必须包括文件的doxygen注释和后跟空行的简要描述(使用doxygen时)

    /**
    * \file            template.h
    * \brief           Template include file
    */
                      /* Here is empty line */
    
  • 每个文件(头文件或源文件)必须包含许可证(开始注释包括单个星号,因为doxygen必须忽略这个)

  • 使用与项目/库已经使用的相同的许可证

    /**
    * \file            template.h
    * \brief           Template include file
    */
    /*
    * Copyright (c) year FirstName LASTNAME
    *
    * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
    * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
    * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
    * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
    * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
    * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
    * subject to the following conditions:
    *
    * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
    * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
    *
    * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
    * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
    * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
    * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
    * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
    * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
    * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
    * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
    *
    * This file is part of library_name.
    *
    * Author:          FirstName LASTNAME <optional_email@example.com>
    */
    
  • 头文件必须包含保护符#ifndef

  • 头文件必须包含c++检查
  • c++检查之外包含外部头文件
  • 首先用STL C文件包含外部头文件,然后是应用程序自定义文件
  • 头文件必须包含其他所有头文件,以便正确编译,但不能包含更多头文件(如果需要,.c应该包含其余的头文件)
  • 头文件必须只公开模块公共变量/类型/函数
  • 在头文件中使用extern作为全局模块变量,稍后在源文件中定义它们

    /* file.h ... */
    #ifndef ...
    extern int32_t my_variable; /* This is global variable declaration in header */
    #endif
    /* file.c ... */
    int32_t my_variable;        /* Actually defined in source */
    
  • 不要把.c文件包含在另一个.c文件中

  • .c文件应该首先包含相应的.h文件,然后是其他文件,除非另有明确的必要
  • 在头文件中不包含模块私有声明
  • 头文件示例(示例中没有license)
    /* License comes here */
    #ifndef TEMPLATE_HDR_H
    #define TEMPLATE_HDR_H
    /* Include headers */
    #ifdef __cplusplus
    extern "C" {
    #endif /* __cplusplus */
    /* File content here */
    #ifdef __cplusplus
    }
    #endif /* __cplusplus */
    #endif /* TEMPLATE_HDR_H */
    
    image.gif